[qwer]

Grapefruit Limonoids and Cancer Inhibition
Liminoids in grapefruit seed extract may inhibit the growth of cancer in the breasts, lungs, stomach, colon and mouth, according to K.K. Mandadi, a researacher at Texas A&M University. Mandadi and colleagues attempted to isolate the contents of limonoids in red Mexican grapefruit seed extract to determine what properties in limonoids possess the highest level of antioxidants capable of fighting cancer cells. Mandadi and team found that the acetone in limonoids from red Mexican grapefruit seed extract possessed the strongest antioxidant abilities, followed by MEOH extract. The results of Mandadi's study were published in "Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung" in March 2007. Limonoids are organic compounds that exist in grapefruit and other citrus fruits. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, some limonoids fight tumors better than tamoxifen, an anti-cancer medication.
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Grapefruit and Link to Breast Cancer
Another study found that grapefruit intake may increase the chances of developing breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Kristine Monroe led the joint University of Southern California and University of Hawaii study that linked grapefruit consumption to an elevation in estrogen levels and a 30 percent greater risk of breast cancer, according to the report published in the "British Journal of Cancer" in July 2007. The study did not test grapefruit seed extract, which contains seeds and pulp that remain after juicing a grapefruit. Grapefruit seed extract may contain high or low concentrations of grapefruit, depending on the product.
Study Disproving Breast Cancer Link
According to a University of Oxford study led by Elizabeth Spencer, no correlation exists between grapefruit consumption and breast cancer risk. Spencer's study followed 114,504 women over approximately 9.5 years, in which 3,747 cases of breast cancer developed. Fifty nine percent of the women studied consumed grapefruit. Pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women who consumed grapefruit developed breast cancer no more frequently than women who did not, according to the study published in "Cancer Causes and Control" in August 2009.
Drug Interactions
The link between limonoids in grapefruit seed extract and cancer provides hope but not a compelling reason to add it to your diet. Many grapefruit seed extracts contain added chemicals and preservatives, including a poison called benzethonium chloride that may cause convulsions or lead to comas. If you take medications, combining them with grapefruit seed extract could cause serious interactions. Grapefruit slows your body's ability to metabolize drugs, which could lead to an excessive build-up of medications in your system. The long list of medications known to react adversely with grapefruit includes some types of birth control pills, statins and antidepressants.
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References
"Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of Biosciences"; Red Mexican Grapefruit: a Novel Source for Bioactive Limonoids and their Antioxidant Activity; KK Mandadi et al; March 2007
"Cancer Causes and Control"; Prospective Study of the Association Between Grapefruit Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC); EA Spencer et al; Aug 20 2009
"The Daily Telegraph" Bitter Truth About the Grapefruit Diet: Could a Favourite (SIC) Way to Lose Weight Have Been Harmful; Victoria Lambert; July 17 2007
"British Journal of Cancer": Prospective Study of Grapefruit Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study; K R Monroe et al; July 10 2007
ajc.com: Grapefruit, Cancer link Considered Preliminary; Kimberly Walker; Nov 8 2007
United States Department of Agriculture: Backgrounder About Citrus Limonoids; Kathryn Barry Stelljes; Jan 3 2002
Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/520772-cancer-grapefruit-seed-extract/#ixzz24Tt8Rmt8
http://www.livestrong.com/article/520772-cancer-grapefruit-seed-extract/

“pycnogenols” То же самое что и leukocyanidins, proanthocyanidins which is procyanidolic oligomers
“pycnogenols” same as proanthocyanidins which is procyanidolic oligomers Research investigations8,9,10 have discovered that oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) may be found in a wide range of other plants materials including:
CRAB APPLE
APPLE
MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY
AVOCADO PEAR STONE
UNRIPE COCOA BEAN
HORSE CHESTNUT (seed shell)
HAWTHORNE FRUIT
GOAT WILLOW (catkin)
UNRIPE STRAWBERRY (fruit, stem)
UNRIPE RASPBERRY (fruit, stem)
COLA NUTS
PEANUT SKINS
GRAPE PIPS/SEEDS
RED WINE
PROPERTY

GRAPE PIP/SEED EXTRACT PINE BARK EXTRACT

% Polyphenols

92% 84%

% Monomers (flavan-3-ol)

32% 38%

% Oligomers (Proanthocyanidins)

68% 62%

Oligomer/Monomer ratio

2.1 1.6

Polyphenol/Monomer ratio

3.1 2.6

Polyphenol/Oligomer ratio

1.5 1.6

Table 2 -- Comparion of Polyphenol Content of Grape Pip/Seed and Pine Bark Extracts

Source: Procyanidins de France - brochure available from Crossover Marketing 203-481-8863
4.0 BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
4.1 U.S. Patent on Use of Proanthocyanidins
In 1987, Jack Masquelier was granted U.S. Patent No. 4,698,360 entitled "Plant Extract with a Proanthocyanidins Content as Therapeutic Agent Having Radical Scavenging Effect and Use Thereof". The abstract for this patent is given below:
ABSTRACT
"The invention provides a method for preventing and fighting the harmful biological effects of free radicals in the organism of warm blooded animals and more especially human beings, namely cerebral involution, hypoxia following atherosclerosis, cardiac or cerebral infarction, tumor promotion, inflammation, ischaemia, alterations of the synovial fluid, collagen degradation, among others. The method consists of administering ....... an amount, efficient against said effects, of a plant extract with a proanthocyanidins content which has a radical scavenger effect, the extract being in the form of a medicament and coming more especially from the bark of conifers"
Clearly, Masquelier is claiming a significant therapeutic effect for the proanthocyanidins by means of their potent free-radical scavenging ability. According to the abstract the proanthocyanidins can play a major role in the prevention and cure of a wide range of illnesses. The patent also specifies the dosages which need to be used in order to obtain the therapeutic effects claimed These are:
Orally -- 1.5 to 3.0 mg daily per kilogram of body weight
Intravenously -- 5 to 10 mg daily
Topically -- application of 0.5% ointment one or more times daily
In the following sections the research data which support Masquelier's claims will be reviewed.
4.2 Bioavailability
One of the key issues relating to the use of any nutritional supplement or medication is the ability of the substance to get into the body and be utilized at the cellular level. In order to demonstate the bioavailability of the oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PCOs), Masquelier and his colleagues used an isotopic labelling technique11. Grape vines were cultivated in an atmosphere containing 14CO2 for 40 days, during which time each carbon of the flavan molecule became labelled. After extraction and purification the product had an activity of 0.5 µCi per mg. When the PCOs were administered orally to a rat or mouse they became rapidly absorbed into the intestinal mucous membrane. The results shown in Figure 3 indicate that radioactivity in the blood was highest after 45 minutes with a half-life in the plasma of 5 hours. Passage into the bile occurs relatively early; within 11 hours almost 14% of the radioactivity was eliminated in this way.
http://www.integratedhealth.com/infoabstract/pycdes.html/